If you want to view the users on your system, you can view the /etc/passwd file by running the following command: cat /etc/passwd A particular user is associated with a “default group”, and can also be a member of other groups on the system. In order to make managing users easier, you can add users into a “group”. Every user has some properties associated with them, such as a user ID and a home directory. Linux uses the concept of users to separate various people who use the computer. Users and groupsīefore we discuss the concept of “ownership”, let us first look at “users” and “groups”. In this article, we will learn these concepts, and how you can change them using various commands. You can use these concepts to control who can access and modify files. bashrc files with a different umask setting.Linux is a multi-user operating system, and it ensures the security of files with the concepts of “ownership” and “permissions”. Users can override this by updating their. Here, we can see the normal user default is 002, and the root user default is 022. If you'd like to set the default umask settings for all users, you can do this in the /etc/bashrc file. Now, if I create a new file (myfile3) and a new directory (mydir3), we can see that the default file permissions are "-" (000) and the default directory permissions are "-" (000). bashrc file in your home directory.Īfter setting the umask to 777 in. If you'd like to set a default umask value for each time you log on to your account, you can do this in your. After doing this, we can see that the second file's permissions are "rw-w-w-" (622) and that the second directory's permissions are "rwx-wx-wx" (733). Then I change the umask value to 044 and create another file and another directory. After this, we can see that the file permissions are "rw-rw-r-" (664) and the directory permissions are "rwxrwxr-x" (775). Next, I create a file (using touch) and a directory (using mkdir). The 664 number means "read,write" for the user, "read,write" for the group, and "read" for others.Īs an example, first I call "umask" which displays the default umask value, 0002. The 775 number means "read,write,execute" for the user, "read,write,execute" for the group, and "read,execute" for others. Thus, if you have a umask value of 002 (or 0002), you end up with 775 directory permissions and 664 file permissions. The default directory permissions are 777. What happens is that this set of numbers is subtracted from the default permissions value for files and directories. If you run umask, you can see your current umask setting. The last 3 characters are for the permissions that others have for the file/directory. The next 3 characters are the permissions for the group that owns the file. The next 3 characters are the permissions for the user that owns the file ("rwx" signifies read, write, execute "r-" signifies read but not write or execute etc.). The first character describes the file/directory type ("-" is file, "d" is directory, etc). When displaying a long listing of files and directories, there are ten characters at the beginning of each line. In terms of UNIX file permissions, read has a value of 4, write has a value of 2, and execute has a value of 1. The default file and directory permissions that are set when you create files and directories can be set using the umask command.
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